As of 2026, what is a key challenge for the G20 in achieving consensus on global climate financing, particularly concerning the 'New Collective Quantified Goal' (NCQG)?
A Lack of agreement on the definition of climate finance
B Disagreement on the scale and sources of funding, and the balance between mitigation and adaptation
C Overwhelming consensus on immediate and substantial funding increases
D Unanimous support for developed nations to solely bear the financial burden
Answer: B
While there is a general understanding of the need for climate finance, significant disagreements persist within the G20 regarding the exact amount of the NCQG, the contributions from developed versus developing nations, and the allocation between supporting mitigation efforts and adaptation measures.
22.
Which of the following agreements or frameworks significantly underpins the enhanced maritime security cooperation between India and Japan as of 2026?
A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
B Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)
C Strategic Partnership Agreement
D Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Answer: B
The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), signed between India and Japan, facilitates reciprocal provision of supplies and services for defence purposes, significantly boosting their maritime security cooperation and interoperability.
23.
In 2026, India and Japan are strengthening their maritime security cooperation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. What is a significant area of collaboration beyond joint exercises?
A Joint space exploration missions
B Information sharing on maritime domain awareness and capacity building of regional partners
C Joint development of nuclear power plants
D Cultural exchange programs for naval personnel
Answer: B
Beyond joint exercises, India and Japan are actively engaged in sharing intelligence on maritime domain awareness, enhancing interoperability, and building the capacity of other countries in the Indo-Pacific to ensure a free and open maritime environment.
24.
Which of the following exercises is a key component of India-Japan maritime security cooperation, focusing on anti-submarine warfare and air defence?
A Malabar Exercise
B Veer Guardian Exercise
C Dharma Guardian Exercise
D JIMEX (Japan-India Maritime Exercise)
Answer: D
JIMEX is a bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) that primarily focuses on maritime security operations, including anti-submarine warfare and air defence.
25.
The G20's efforts towards digital trade regulations aim to address issues such as digital divides, consumer protection, and the facilitation of cross-border e-commerce. What is a common goal in this regard?
A To create separate digital trade rules for each country
B To promote a predictable and transparent regulatory environment for digital businesses
C To restrict the use of digital technologies by small businesses
D To increase tariffs on imported digital goods
Answer: B
A primary objective of G20 discussions on digital trade is to establish a stable and clear regulatory framework that supports the growth of digital economies and facilitates international e-commerce.
26.
Which of the following principles is often advocated by G20 nations in discussions related to digital trade regulations to foster innovation and economic growth?
A Strict protectionism and barriers to digital services
B Openness, interoperability, and non-discrimination in digital markets
C Government control over all digital platforms
D Limiting cross-border data transfers entirely
Answer: B
G20 discussions often emphasize principles like openness, interoperability, and non-discrimination to create a conducive environment for digital trade, encouraging innovation and fair competition.
27.
As of 2026, what is a key challenge for achieving a global consensus on digital trade regulations within the G20 framework?
A Lack of interest from member nations in digital trade
B Divergent approaches to data governance, privacy, and cross-border data flows
C Absence of any digital trade activities globally
D Agreement on all aspects of digital trade among G20 nations
Answer: B
Member nations often have differing views on how to regulate data, protect user privacy, and manage the flow of data across borders, which complicates the formation of a unified G20 consensus on digital trade.
28.
Which of the following is a key area of collaboration under India-Japan maritime security cooperation, aimed at ensuring freedom of navigation and upholding international law in the Indo-Pacific region?
A Joint development of new energy sources
B Capacity building for coast guards and maritime surveillance
C Joint research in artificial intelligence for agriculture
D Exchange programs for students in humanities
Answer: B
Capacity building for coast guards and enhancing maritime surveillance capabilities are crucial for both nations to jointly address maritime security challenges, combat piracy, and ensure safe sea lanes in the Indo-Pacific.
29.
In the context of India-Japan maritime security cooperation, what is the primary focus of the '2+2' Ministerial Dialogue between the two countries?
A Economic trade and investment agreements
B Cultural exchange programs and tourism promotion
C Defence and security issues, including maritime security
D Space exploration and satellite technology collaboration
Answer: C
The '2+2' Ministerial Dialogue involves the Defence and Foreign Ministers of both countries, and it is a crucial platform for discussing and coordinating on strategic issues, with maritime security being a significant agenda item.
30.
Which of the following exercises is a significant component of India-Japan maritime security cooperation, focusing on anti-submarine warfare and air defence?
A Malabar Exercise
B JIMEX (Japan-India Maritime Exercise)
C Samudra Shakti
D Dharma Guardian
Answer: B
JIMEX is a bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), specifically designed to enhance interoperability and cooperation in maritime security operations, including anti-submarine warfare and air defence.
