International Current Affairs MCQs - 2026-07-30

The Adaptation Fund (AF) was established under the Kyoto Protocol and serves the Paris Agreement. It finances concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. While GCF and GEF also support adaptation, AF is specifically dedicated to it.

The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance is intended to replace or succeed the $100 billion goal from 2025 onwards. Discussions on its scope, scale, and structure are central to international climate negotiations, including those leading up to COP31.

Developed nations committed to jointly mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries. While often not fully met on time, this goal remains a benchmark, and its fulfillment and future targets are key discussion points ahead of COP31.

The veto power exercised by the five permanent members (P5) is widely seen as anachronistic and undemocratic, often paralyzing the Council's ability to act. Reforming or abolishing it is a key demand of many nations, including India, seeking a more equitable and effective Security Council.

The G4 group comprises India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan. These four countries mutually support each other's bids for permanent seats on the UN Security Council and advocate for its expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories.

India's primary objective in pushing for UNSC reforms is to gain a permanent seat, ideally with veto power, to reflect its growing global stature and influence. This is a core demand of the G4 nations.