Which of the following international bodies plays a crucial role in providing data, analysis, and recommendations to the G20 regarding climate finance flows and needs as of 2026?
A World Trade Organization (WTO)
B International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
C International Criminal Court (ICC)
D World Health Organization (WHO)
Answer: B
The IMF and World Bank are key institutions that provide extensive research, data, and policy advice on global financial issues, including climate finance, often informing G20 deliberations and commitments.
62.
The G20 has been discussing mechanisms to mobilize private capital for climate action. Which of the following is a proposed strategy to encourage private sector investment in climate-resilient infrastructure by 2026?
A Imposing strict regulations on all private investments
B Developing blended finance instruments and de-risking mechanisms
C Nationalizing all climate-related industries
D Reducing transparency in financial reporting
Answer: B
G20 discussions often highlight the importance of blended finance, where public funds are used to leverage private investment, and de-risking mechanisms like guarantees and insurance, to make climate-resilient projects more attractive to private investors.
63.
As of 2026, what is a key challenge for the G20 in achieving consensus on global climate financing, particularly concerning the 'New Collective Quantified Goal' (NCQG)?
A Lack of agreement on the definition of climate finance
B Disagreement on the scale and sources of funding, and the balance between mitigation and adaptation
C Overwhelming consensus on immediate and substantial funding increases
D Unanimous support for developed nations to solely bear the financial burden
Answer: B
While there is a general understanding of the need for climate finance, significant disagreements persist within the G20 regarding the exact amount of the NCQG, the contributions from developed versus developing nations, and the allocation between supporting mitigation efforts and adaptation measures.
64.
Which of the following agreements or frameworks significantly underpins the enhanced maritime security cooperation between India and Japan as of 2026?
A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
B Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)
C Strategic Partnership Agreement
D Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Answer: B
The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), signed between India and Japan, facilitates reciprocal provision of supplies and services for defence purposes, significantly boosting their maritime security cooperation and interoperability.
65.
In 2026, India and Japan are strengthening their maritime security cooperation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. What is a significant area of collaboration beyond joint exercises?
A Joint space exploration missions
B Information sharing on maritime domain awareness and capacity building of regional partners
C Joint development of nuclear power plants
D Cultural exchange programs for naval personnel
Answer: B
Beyond joint exercises, India and Japan are actively engaged in sharing intelligence on maritime domain awareness, enhancing interoperability, and building the capacity of other countries in the Indo-Pacific to ensure a free and open maritime environment.
66.
Which of the following exercises is a key component of India-Japan maritime security cooperation, focusing on anti-submarine warfare and air defence?
A Malabar Exercise
B Veer Guardian Exercise
C Dharma Guardian Exercise
D JIMEX (Japan-India Maritime Exercise)
Answer: D
JIMEX is a bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) that primarily focuses on maritime security operations, including anti-submarine warfare and air defence.
67.
What has been the Supreme Court's stance on the role of expert appraisal committees (EACs) in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process?
A EACs are merely advisory bodies whose recommendations are not binding on the regulatory authority.
B The Court has emphasized the critical and independent role of EACs in conducting thorough scrutiny and providing objective recommendations.
C EACs should primarily focus on expediting clearances to facilitate industrial growth.
D The composition of EACs can be flexible, allowing for significant representation from project proponents.
Answer: B
The Supreme Court has consistently highlighted the crucial role of EACs as expert bodies responsible for independent and objective evaluation of EIA reports, ensuring that environmental concerns are adequately addressed before clearance is granted.
68.
In its recent pronouncements concerning Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), the Supreme Court has often highlighted the significance of which of the following aspects?
A Prioritizing economic development over environmental protection in all cases.
B Ensuring robust public participation and transparent disclosure of information during the EIA process.
C Allowing project proponents to conduct their own environmental impact studies without external oversight.
D Limiting the scope of EIA to only direct ecological impacts, excluding socio-economic considerations.
Answer: B
The Supreme Court has repeatedly underscored the importance of public participation, transparency, and comprehensive assessment, including socio-economic impacts, to ensure that environmental clearances are granted after due consideration of all relevant factors.
69.
Which of the following principles has the Supreme Court of India consistently upheld regarding Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and environmental clearances?
A Post-facto environmental clearances are generally permissible under exceptional circumstances.
B Environmental clearances can be granted retrospectively without public hearing if the project is of national importance.
C Prior environmental clearance is a mandatory prerequisite for commencing any project requiring EIA.
D The judiciary has no role in reviewing the substantive aspects of environmental clearances once granted by the executive.
Answer: C
The Supreme Court has consistently emphasized that prior environmental clearance is a mandatory requirement for projects falling under the EIA Notification, 2006, and has generally frowned upon post-facto clearances, reinforcing the precautionary principle.
