MCQs 2026

Combating maritime crimes like piracy, armed robbery at sea, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing are key shared concerns and objectives for ASEAN and India in ensuring regional maritime security.

Regular joint naval exercises like 'Samudra Shakti' (between India and Indonesia) and 'IMMEX-India' (India-ASEAN) are crucial for improving interoperability, understanding procedures, and building trust among maritime forces.

The increasing assertiveness of China in the Indo-Pacific is a primary geopolitical factor driving closer strategic alignment between India and Japan, aiming for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.

While maritime security is a crucial aspect of India-Japan relations, the 'India-Japan Maritime Dialogue' is a separate, though related, track. The Strategic Dialogue often focuses on broader economic, security, and technological partnerships.

Recent dialogues have emphasized collaboration on renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, and securing supply chains for critical minerals essential for these technologies and defense.

The case of Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that provided comprehensive clarification on the interpretation and application of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, especially concerning the mandatory certificate for electronic records.

The Supreme Court, particularly in the Arjun Panditrao Khotkar case (2020), emphasized that a certificate under Section 65B(4) of the Indian Evidence Act is mandatory for the admissibility of secondary electronic evidence, unless the original electronic device itself is produced as primary evidence.

Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, specifically governs the admissibility of electronic records. The Supreme Court, in various judgments including Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020), has extensively clarified its application and the conditions for admitting digital evidence.

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